Material pathology involves the discovery of the physical and chemical properties of all types of materials, along with solids, liquids and gases. From the seemingly infinite estimate of properties that could be measured or determined, the examiner performs the job of supplying data on those properties which are of traditional significance for the singular applications demanded of the materials or that these materials are being tested for.
The pathology of materials can be broken down by the type of material of which the sample is made. The aggregate of solid bulk material can be analyzed by electron microprobe and x-ray, along with power dispersive x-ray, wavelength dispersive x-ray and x-ray fluorescence. Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy or Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy is used to discover for defects or impurities in solid bulk material analysis. The aggregate of solid covering material can be analyzed by Electron Spectroscopy, Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Ion Scattering Spectrometry. pathology of the aggregate of solid film material utilizes Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy or Neutron Depth Profiling.
Light Microscope Images
The pathology of liquids requires dissimilar estimation methods. Inorganic liquids are analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy or Icp/Mass Spectrometry. Organic liquids apply Gas Chromatography, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Infrared Spectroscopy or Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis.
Gas pathology uses many of the same methods that are used on liquids. It can employ Gas Chromatography, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Infrared Spectroscopy, gas sensors or Mass Spectrometry.
Any material pathology should be started at the macro or illustrated level. As soon as this has been accomplished, it is time to move on to the micro level. There are two kinds of contemporary microscopes: those that use light to form the image and those that use electrons. Although microscopes using light have a history longer than 300 years, they continue to improve constantly. Lens design improvements have practically eliminated serious aberrations. There are now many foremost and beneficial ways to fetch light microscope images, depending on the properties being investigated.
One limitation of the proper light microscope in the field of material pathology is the depth of field problem. The introduction of the electron microscope eliminated this problem by using electrons instead of light to illuminate the sample. It produced images that could practically be interpreted intuitively. The key amelioration that made the electron microscope even more beneficial was the amelioration of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy which was a versatile tool for elemental chemical analysis. This made it inherent to fetch both morphological and chemical data at the same time, although significant pathology must still be done on polished samples rather than on rough surfaces.
Ultrasonic nondestructive testing is a versatile technique that can be applied to many material pathology applications. Ultrasonic Ndt is probably best known in its more common applications of thickness gauging, flaw detection and acoustic imaging. These high frequency sound waves can also be used to discriminate and quantify some proper mechanical, structural or compositional properties of solids and liquids.
Ultrasonic pathology is based on a basic principle of physics that the petition of any wave will be affected by the medium through which it travels. There are four honestly measurable parameters associated with the passage of high frequency sound waves through a material. They are transit time, attenuation, scattering and frequency content. Changes in one or more of these parameters can often be correlated with changes in physical properties of interest to those carrying out material pathology studies such as hardness, elastic modulus, density, homogeneity or grain structure.
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